About What Percent of Aztecs were Peasants?

In the Aztec Empire, the majority of the population was made up of commoners or peasants, known as “macehualtin” (singular: macehualli). These individuals formed the backbone of Aztec society, responsible for agriculture, construction, and various other forms of labor.

Percentage of Peasants in Aztec Society

It is estimated that over 70% of the Aztec population were peasants. This group was crucial to the functioning of the empire, as they produced the food, goods, and labor needed to support the higher classes, such as the nobility, priests, and warriors.

Social Structure Overview

The Aztec society was hierarchical, with the following key social classes:

1. Nobility (“Pipiltin”): This class included rulers, high-ranking priests, and warriors. They were a small, elite group that held most of the power and wealth.
2. Commoners (“Macehualtin”): This was the largest class, encompassing the majority of the population. Commoners included peasants, artisans, traders, and lower-ranking warriors. Among commoners, peasants were the most numerous.
3. Slaves (“Tlatlacotin”): Slaves were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but their status was not necessarily permanent. Slavery in Aztec society was often due to debt, war capture, or punishment.
4. Merchants (“Pochteca”): A specialized group of traders who sometimes amassed significant wealth and held a unique status within society.

Role of Peasants (Macehualtin)

• Agriculture: Peasants were primarily responsible for farming. They cultivated staple crops such as maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers, which were essential to the Aztec diet.
• Labor: They also contributed labor to public works, including the construction of temples, roads, and other infrastructure.
• Tribute: Peasants paid tribute to the ruling class in the form of agricultural products, labor, and crafted goods.
• Military Service: While not their primary role, many peasants could be called upon to serve as warriors during times of war.

Conclusion

The majority of the Aztec population were peasants, making up more than 70% of society. These individuals played a critical role in sustaining the Aztec Empire through their labor, agricultural production, and contributions to the economy. Despite their lower social status, the work of the peasants was foundational to the empire’s success and stability.